The Supermarine Spitfire is a British single-seat fighter aircraft that was used by the Royal Air Force and many other Allied countries throughout the Second World War. The Spitfire continued to be used as a front line fighter and in secondary roles into the 1950s. It was produced in greater numbers than any other British aircraft and was the only British fighter in production throughout the war. The Spitfire was designed as a short-range, high-performance interceptor aircraft by R. J. Mitchell, chief designer at Supermarine Aviation Works (since 1928 a subsidiary of Vickers-Armstrong). Mitchell continued to refine the design until his death from cancer in 1937, whereupon his colleague Joseph Smith became chief designer. The Spitfire's elliptical wing had a thin cross-section, allowing a higher top speed than several contemporary fighters, including the Hawker Hurricane. Speed was seen as essential to carry out the mission of home defence against enemy bombers. During the Battle of Britain, the Spitfire was perceived by the public as the RAF fighter of the battle, whereas in fact, the more numerous Hurricane actually shouldered a greater proportion of the burden against the Luftwaffe. The Spitfire units did, however, have a lower attrition rate and a higher victory to loss ratio than those flying Hurricanes. After the Battle of Britain, the Spitfire became the backbone of RAF Fighter Command, and saw action in the European, Mediterranean, Pacific and the South-East Asian theatres. Much loved by its pilots, the Spitfire served in several roles, including interceptor, photo-reconnaissance, fighter-bomber, carrier-based fighter, and trainer. It was built in many variants, using several wing configurations. Although the original airframe was designed to be powered by a Rolls-Royce Merlin engine producing 1,030 hp (768 kW), it was adaptable enough to use increasingly more powerful Merlin and the later Rolls-Royce Griffon engines; the latter was eventually able to produce 2,035 hp (1,520 kW). - Wikipedia
O Supermarine Spitfire foi o avião de caça britânico mais famoso da Segunda Guerra Mundial e o único caça aliado que operou durante todo o conflito. Projetado em 1936 por Reginald Mitchell (criador, na década de 1920, do também famoso Supermarine S6), entrou em serviço em agosto de 1938, na versão Mk I. Seu nome do inglês spit (cuspir) e fire (fogo), pode ser traduzido como "cuspidor de fogo" e designa uma pessoa (especialmente mulher) de temperamento explosivo. A fama deste caça afirmou-se com a Batalha da Inglaterra, onde a sua performace nas médias e baixas altitudes (nas quais foram travados os principais combates) superou a do então principal caça alemão, o Messerschmitt Bf 109. Embora no computo final da batalha se verifique que foram abatidos mais caças britânicos do que alemães, as perdas de aviões abatidos no total, contando-se os bombardeiros, impostas pela Royal Air Force à Luftwaffe, através dos Spitfire e Hawker Hurricane, frustrou os planos de Adolf Hitler de obrigar a Grã-Bretanha a assinar a paz segundo os seus termos. No final de 1941, quando os nazistas já estavam focados no seu principal objetivo, a invasão da então União Soviética, foi introduzido o primeiro caça que igualava o Spitfire em performance nas baixas altitudes e o superava nas médias e altas: o alemão Focke-Wulf Fw 190. Por esta época o Spitfire mk. V começou a ser produzido sob licença tanto nos Estados Unidos da América quanto na União Soviética. No segundo trimestre de 1942, em combates aéreos sobre Papua-Nova Guiné e o norte da Austrália, constatou-se que este caça também estava superado pelo Mitsubishi A6M Zero japonês. A resposta da RAF foi o desenvolvimento versões mais potentes e consequentemente mais pesadas, depois do Spitfire Mk. V, foi produzido em grande escala o Spitifire Mk IX, que era comparável ao Fw-190. - Wikipedia |
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