Friday, September 19, 2014

Nelson Mandela Dress Up Paper Doll - by Dover Publications


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 photo mandelapaperdoll00104_zpsdb0a1bcf.jpgNelson Rolihlahla Mandela Xhosa (18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013) was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, politician and philanthropist who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was South Africa's first black chief executive, and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election. His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid through tackling institutionalised racism, poverty and inequality, and fostering racial reconciliation. Politically an African nationalist and democratic socialist, he served as President of the African National Congress (ANC) from 1991 to 1997. Internationally, Mandela was Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 to 1999. A Xhosa born to the Thembu royal family, Mandela attended the Fort Hare University and the University of Witwatersrand, where he studied law. Living in Johannesburg, he became involved in anti-colonial politics, joining the ANC and becoming a founding member of its Youth League. After the South African National Party came to power in 1948, he rose to prominence in the ANC's 1952 Defiance Campaign, was appointed superintendent of the organisation's Transvaal chapter and presided over the 1955 Congress of the People. Working as a lawyer, he was repeatedly arrested for seditious activities and, with the ANC leadership, was unsuccessfully prosecuted in the Treason Trial from 1956 to 1961. Influenced by Marxism, he secretly joined the South African Communist Party (SACP) and sat on its Central Committee. Although initially committed to non-violent protest, in association with the SACP he co-founded the militant Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) in 1961, leading a sabotage campaign against the apartheid government. In 1962, he was arrested, convicted of conspiracy to overthrow the state, and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Rivonia Trial. Mandela served 27 years in prison, initially on Robben Island, and later in Pollsmoor Prison and Victor Verster Prison. An international campaign lobbied for his release. He was released in 1990, during a time of escalating civil strife. Mandela joined negotiations with President F. W. de Klerk to abolish apartheid and establish multiracial elections in 1994, in which he led the ANC to victory and became South Africa's first black president. He published his autobiography in 1995. During his tenure in the Government of National Unity he invited other political parties to join the cabinet, and promulgated a new constitution. He also created the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate past human rights abuses. While continuing the former government's liberal economic policy, his administration also introduced measures to encourage land reform, combat poverty, and expand healthcare services. Internationally, he acted as mediator between Libya and the United Kingdom in the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial, and oversaw military intervention in Lesotho. He declined to run for a second term, and was succeeded by his deputy, Thabo Mbeki. Mandela became an elder statesman, focusing on charitable work in combating poverty and HIV/AIDS through the Nelson Mandela Foundation. Mandela was a controversial figure for much of his life. Denounced as a communist terrorist by critics, he nevertheless gained international acclaim for his activism, having received more than 250 honours, including the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize, the US Presidential Medal of Freedom, and the Soviet Order of Lenin. He is held in deep respect within South Africa, where he is often referred to by his Xhosa clan name, Madiba, or as Tata ("Father"); he is often described as the "Father of the Nation". - read more at Nelson.Mandela.Wikipedia

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 photo mandelapaperdoll00103_zps74f05406.jpgNelson Rolihlahla Mandela Xhosa (Mvezo, 18 de julho de 1918 — Joanesburgo, 5 de dezembro de 2013) foi um advogado, líder rebelde e presidente da África do Sul de 1994 a 1999, considerado como o mais importante líder da África Negra, ganhador do Prêmio Nobel da Paz de 1993, e pai da moderna nação sul-africana, onde é normalmente referido como Madiba (nome do seu clã) ou Tata ('Pai'). Nascido numa família de nobreza tribal, numa pequena aldeia do interior onde possivelmente viria a ocupar cargo de chefia, recusou esse destino aos 23 anos ao seguir para a capital, Joanesburgo, e iniciar sua atuação política. Passando do interior rural para uma vida rebelde na faculdade, transformou-se em jovem advogado na capital e líder da resistência não-violenta da juventude, acabando como réu em um infame julgamento por traição. Foragido, tornou-se depois o prisioneiro mais famoso do mundo4 e, finalmente, o político mais galardoado em vida, responsável pela refundação do seu país, como uma sociedade multiétnica. Mandela passou 27 anos na prisão - inicialmente em Robben Island e, mais tarde, nas prisões de Pollsmoor e Victor Verster. Depois de uma campanha internacional, ele foi libertado em 1990, quando recrudescia a guerra civil em seu país. Em dezembro de 2013, foi revelado pelo The New York Times que a CIA americana foi a força decisiva para a prisão de Mandela em 1962, quando agentes americanos foram empregados para auxiliar as forças de segurança da África do Sul e para localizá-lo. Até 2009, ele havia dedicado 67 anos de sua vida à causa que defendeu como advogado dos direitos humanos e pela qual se tornou prisioneiro de um regime de segregação racial, até ser eleito o primeiro presidente da África do Sul livre. Em sua homenagem, a Organização das Nações Unidas instituiu o Dia Internacional Nelson Mandela no dia de seu nascimento, 18 de julho, como forma de valorizar em todo o mundo a luta pela liberdade, pela justiça e pela democracia. Mandela foi uma figura controversa durante grande parte da sua vida. Denunciado como sendo um terrorista comunista por seus críticos, ele acabou por ser aclamado internacionalmente por seu ativismo e recebeu mais de 250 prêmios e condecorações, incluindo o Nobel da Paz em 1993, Presidential Medal of Freedom dos Estados Unidos e a Ordem de Lenin da União Soviética. Seus críticos apontam seus traços egocêntricos e o fato de seu governo ter sido amigo de ditadores simpáticos ao Congresso Nacional Africano (CNA). Em sua vida privada, enfrentou dramas pessoais mas permaneceu fiel ao dever de conduzir seu país. Foi o mais poderoso símbolo da luta contra o regime segregacionista do Apartheid, sistema racista oficializado em 1948, e modelo mundial de resistência. No dizer de Ali Abdessalam Treki, Presidente da Assembleia Geral das Nações Unidas, "um dos maiores líderes morais e políticos de nosso tempo". - leia mais em Nelson.Mandela.Wikipedia


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